Hybrid vehicles

[TheFlyingAngel]

A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle.^[2] The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. However other mechanisms to capture and utilize energy are included.

 

Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles[edit]

Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an internal combustion engine orelectric motor and the rider's muscles. Early prototypes of motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principles to power it up.

• In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured Motorized bicycles, Mopeds are of this type.^[3]

• In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are commercially available, because they are very simple in theory and manufacturing.^[4]

The first known prototype and publication of an SH bicycle is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite^[5] SH lightweight vehicle which used power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SH bicycle and in 1998 mounted the system onto a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). In 1999 Harald Kutzke described his concept of the "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. Until 2005 Fuchs and colleagues built several prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles.^[6]

[Thisnamehasnotbeentaken]

Interesting...

Edited October 28, 2013 by Thisnamehasnotbeentaken

[TakinThyBacon]

nice copy paste skills, brah

[TheFlyingAngel]

nice copy paste skills, brah

thx,brah

[TakinThyBacon]

 

nice copy paste skills, brah

thx,brah

 

Sorry, with that avatar I figured you were the Brah type

[TheFlyingAngel]

 

 

nice copy paste skills, brah

thx,brah

 

Sorry, with that avatar I figured you were the Brah type

 

k,brah

[M0B5TA]

cool definition of a word thread brah

[M0B5TA]

Potato

 

The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Nightshade family. The word may refer to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. In the region of the Andes, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were introduced outside the Andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of much of the world's food supply. It is the world's fourth-largest food crop, following rice, wheat and maize.^[1] Long-term storage of potatoes requires specialised care in cold warehouses.^[2]

Wild potato species occur throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile.^[3] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently in multiple locations,^[4] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex), where they were domesticated 7,000–10,000 years ago.^[5][6][7] Following centuries of selective breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes.^[6] Of these subspecies, a variety that at one point grew in the Chiloé Archipelago (the potato's south-central Chilean sub-center of origin) left its germplasm on over 99% of the cultivated potatoes worldwide.^[8][9]

The annual diet of an average global citizen in the first decade of the 21st century included about 33 kg (73 lb) of potato.^[1] However, the local importance of potato is extremely variable and rapidly changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia. China is now the world's largest potato-producing country, and nearly a third of the world's potatoes are harvested in China and India.

[Thisnamehasnotbeentaken]

M0B5TA, on 28 Oct 2013 - 3:39 PM, said:

Potato

 

The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Nightshade family. The word may refer to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. In the region of the Andes, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were introduced outside the Andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of much of the world's food supply. It is the world's fourth-largest food crop, following rice, wheat and maize.^[1] Long-term storage of potatoes requires specialised care in cold warehouses.^[2]

Wild potato species occur throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile.^[3] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently in multiple locations,^[4] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex), where they were domesticated 7,000–10,000 years ago.^[5][6][7] Following centuries of selective breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes.^[6] Of these subspecies, a variety that at one point grew in the Chiloé Archipelago (the potato's south-central Chilean sub-center of origin) left its germplasm on over 99% of the cultivated potatoes worldwide.^[8][9]

The annual diet of an average global citizen in the first decade of the 21st century included about 33 kg (73 lb) of potato.^[1] However, the local importance of potato is extremely variable and rapidly changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia. China is now the world's largest potato-producing country, and nearly a third of the world's potatoes are harvested in China and India.

Interesting...

[TheFlyingAngel]

 

M0B5TA, on 28 Oct 2013 - 3:39 PM, said:

Potato

 

The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Nightshade family. The word may refer to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. In the region of the Andes, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were introduced outside the Andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of much of the world's food supply. It is the world's fourth-largest food crop, following rice, wheat and maize.^[1] Long-term storage of potatoes requires specialised care in cold warehouses.^[2]

Wild potato species occur throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile.^[3] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently in multiple locations,^[4] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex), where they were domesticated 7,000–10,000 years ago.^[5][6][7] Following centuries of selective breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes.^[6] Of these subspecies, a variety that at one point grew in the Chiloé Archipelago (the potato's south-central Chilean sub-center of origin) left its germplasm on over 99% of the cultivated potatoes worldwide.^[8][9]

The annual diet of an average global citizen in the first decade of the 21st century included about 33 kg (73 lb) of potato.^[1] However, the local importance of potato is extremely variable and rapidly changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia. China is now the world's largest potato-producing country, and nearly a third of the world's potatoes are harvested in China and India.

Interesting...

 

indeed