Brazil History

[EverLost123]

To me , its a interesting topic , externally Brazil is a very appreciated Country , what about learning more about him? So lets begin

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Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil(Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in the world.

 

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.

 

Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial Empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.The independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was achieved in 1822. Initially independent as the Empire of Brazil, period when it was a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, the country has been a presidential republic since 1889, after a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.

 

The Brazilian economy is the world's seventh largest economy by nominal GDP and the eighth largest by purchasing power parity. Brazil is one of the world's fastest growing major economies. Economic reforms have given the country new international recognition.Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, CPLP, Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, Mercosul and the Union of South American Nations, and is one of the BRIC countries. Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.

Edited November 5, 2011 by EverLost123

[mrpain]

Contact Cidamelo, ASAP.

[KilnerLUFC]

 

I'm still developing this topic dont post until i say

 

 

 

Contact Cidamelo, ASAP.

 

Tut.

 

Seriously, what will be the point of this topic?

 

 

[cidamelo]

Hi, I liked this topic! I think it's very interesting to know about other countries, but Brazil is my country so I know everything about it I would like to know more about Bósnia e Herzegóvina!!

[EverLost123]

 

History

 

 

The first Christian mass in Brazil, 1500.

 

The land now called Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered stone age natives divided into several tribes, most of whom spoke languages of the Tupi–Guarani family, and fought among themselves.

 

Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when Dom João III divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies, but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony.The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity. By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil's most important export and the Portuguese imported African slaves to cope with the increasing international demand.

 

Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567, and to the northwest, taking São Luís in 1615. They sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest and conquered British and Dutch strongholds, founding villages and forts from 1669. In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day Uruguay).

 

At the end of the 17th century, sugar exports started to decline but beginning in the 1690s, the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais (General Mines) in current Mato Grosso and Goiás, saved the colony from imminent collapse. From all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants came to the mines.

 

The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into the territory that belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, and succeeded in conquering the Eastern Strip in 1777. However, this was in vain as the Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed in the same year, confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion, thus creating most of the current Brazilian borders.

 

In 1808, the Portuguese royal family and the majority of the Portuguese nobility, fleeing the troops of the French Emperor Napoleon I that were invading Portugal and most of Central Europe, established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of the entire Portuguese Empire. In 1815 Dom João VI, then regent on behalf of his incapacitated mother, elevated Brazil from colony to sovereign Kingdom united with Portugal. In 1809 the Portuguese invaded French Guiana (which was returned to France in 1817) and in 1816 the Eastern Strip, subsequently renamed Cisplatina.

 

 

Independence and Empire

 

 

Declaration of the Brazilian independence by Emperor Pedro I on 7 September 1822. His words are 'Independence of Death'

 

King João VI returned to Europe on 26 April 1821, leaving his elder son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as regent to rule Brazil. The Portuguese government attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808.The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by them declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October 1822, Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil and crowned Dom Pedro I on 1 December 1822.

 

t that time most Brazilians were in favour of a monarchy and republicanism had little support.The subsequent Brazilian War of Independence spread through almost the entire territory, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions. The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824 and independence was recognized by Portugal on 29 August 1825.

 

The first Brazilian constitution was promulgated on 25 March 1824, after its acceptance by the municipal councils across the country.Pedro I abdicated on 7 April 1831 and went to Europe to reclaim his daughter’s crown, leaving behind his five year old son and heir, who was to become Dom Pedro II. As the new emperor could not exert his constitutional prerogatives until he reached maturity, a regency was created.

 

Disputes between political factions led to rebellions and an unstable, almost anarchical, regency. It is estimated that from 30 to 40% of the population of the Province of Grão-Pará died during the Cabanagem revolt. The rebellious factions, however, were not in revolt against the monarchy, even though some declared the secession of the provinces as independent republics, but only so long as Pedro II was a minor. Because of this, Pedro II was prematurely declared of age and "Brazil was to enjoy nearly half a century of internal peace and rapid material progress."

 

Despite the loss of Cisplatina in 1828 when it became an independent nation known as Uruguay,Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II (the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the Paraguayan War, which left over 300,000 dead) and witnessed the consolidation of representative democracy, mainly due to successive elections and unrestricted freedom of the press. Most importantly, slavery was extinguished after a slow but steady process that began with the end of the international traffic in slaves in 1850 and ended with the complete abolition of slavery in 1888. The slave population had been in decline since Brazil's independence: in 1823, 29% of the Brazilian population were slaves but by 1887 this had fallen to 5%.

 

When the monarchy was overthrown on 15 November 1889 there was little desire in Brazil to change the form of government and Pedro II was at the height of his popularity among his subjects. However, he "bore prime, perhaps sole, responsibility for his own overthrow." After the death of his two sons, Pedro believed that "the imperial regime was destined to end with him." He cared little for the regime's fate and so neither did anything, nor allowed anyone else to do anything, to prevent the military coup, backed by former slave owners who resented the abolition of slavery.

[KilnerLUFC]

Why are you copying and pasting information from the web? I ask again, what is this topic's purpose?

[ZDANZ96]

I guess he is copying, anyways I nevermind some brazillian telling its history here in the forums that isn't me.

 

Good luck partner, because moderators don't like it that much.

 

 

[EverLost123]

 

Early republic

 

 

 

The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 raised Getúlio Vargas (center with military uniform but no hat) to power. He ruled the country for fifteen years.

 

From the beginning, the new republican government was little more than a military dictatorship, and the new constitution restricted political rights, such as the right to vote,yet provided for direct elections to be held in 1894. However, as early as 1891, the nation experienced a series of setbacks, from the development of the encilhamento bubble to the first naval revolt, and as a result, the country entered in a prolonged cycle of financial, social, and political instability, that would extend into the 1920s, as the country continued to be plagued by several rebellions, both civilian and military. Little by little, these events undermined the regime to such an extent, that by 1930 it was possible for a defeated presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas, to lead a coup d'état and assume the presidency, simply by having the support of the majority of the military.

 

Vargas and the military, who were supposed to assume the government temporarily to implement democratic reforms related to 1891's Constitution, closed the Congress and ruled with emergency powers, replacing the states' governors with their supporters. Using the claim of Vargas's broken promises of change, in 1932 the oligarchy of São Paulo tried to regain the power,and in 1935 the Communists followed suit, and rebelled,. Both attempts were ultimately defeated, however, the communist threat served as an excuse for Vargas to preclude further elections, launching another coup d'état in 1937, creating a full dictatorship In May 1938, there was another failed attempt to seize power by local fascists.

 

In foreign policy, the success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries in the early years of this period, was followed by a failed attempt to permanently exert a prominent role in the League of Nations after military involvement in World War I. Notwithstanding, Brazil remained neutral at the beginning of World War II until the Pan-American Conference of January 1942 when Brazil stood alongside the U.S.A. severing diplomatic relations with the Axis powers. In retaliation, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy extended their submarine warfare against Brazil, which led the country to enter the war on the allied side in August of that year.

 

With the allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup. Democracy was reinstated and General Eurico Gaspar Dutra was elected president taking office in 1946. Having returned to power democratically elected at the end of 1950, Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis.

 

 

1964 Brazilian coup d'état

 

 

Military forces in Brasília

 

he 1964 Brazilian coup d'état names a series of events that occurred on March 31, 1964 in Brazil that culminated with the overthrow of President João Goulart by the Armed Forces on April 1, 1964. Although it was a coup, for most of the military calling it Revolution of 1964 (Revolução de 1964) would be associated with the idea of a better future, something the newly established military government had promised for the population. This coup put an end to the government of João Goulart, also known as Jango, a member of the Brazilian Labour Party which had been democratically elected Vice President in the same election that led conservative Jânio Quadros, from the National Labour Party and backed by the National Democratic Union to the presidency.

 

Quadros resigned in 1961, the same year of his inauguration, in a clumsy political maneuver to increase his popularity. According to the Constitution then in force, enacted in 1946, Goulart should automatically replace Quadros as President, but he was on a diplomatic trip to the People's Republic of China. A moderate nationalist, Jango was accused of being a communist by right-wing militants, and was unable to take office. After a long negotiation, led mainly by Jango's brother-in-law Leonel Brizola, then governor of Rio Grande do Sul, Goulart's supporters and the right-wing reached an agreement under which the parliamentary system would replace the presidential system in the country, where Goulart would be named head of state.

 

In 1963, however, Jango successfully re-established the presidential system through a referendum. He finally took office as President with full powers, and during his rule several structural problems in Brazilian politics became evident, as well as disputes in the context of the Cold War, which helped destabilize his government. His Basic Reforms Plan (Reformas de Base), which aimed at socializing the profits of large companies towards ensuring a better quality of life for most Brazilians, was labelled as a "socialist threat" by the military and right-wing sectors of the society, which organized major demonstrations against the government in the Marches of the Family with God for Freedom (Marchas da Família com Deus pela Liberdade).

 

The coup subjected Brazil to a military regime politically aligned to the interests of the United States government. This regime would last until 1985, when Tancredo Neves was indirectly elected the first civilian President of Brazil since the 1960 elections.

[EverLost123]

 

Contemporary era

 

 

Lula possession in 2003

 

everal brief interim governments succeeded after Vargas's suicide.Juscelino Kubitscheck became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably, but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Brasília, inaugurated in 1960. His successor was Jânio Quadros, who resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office. His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military regime.

 

The new regime was intended to be transitory but it gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968. The repression of the dictatorship's opponents, including urban guerrillas, was harsh, but not as brutal as in other Latin American countries. Due to the extraordinary economic growth, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached its highest level of popularity in the years of repression.

 

General Ernesto Geisel became president in 1974 and began his project of re-democratization through a process that he said would be "slow, gradual and safe."Geisel ended the military indiscipline that had plagued the country since 1889, as well as the torture of political prisoners, censorship of the press, and finally, the dictatorship itself, after he extinguished the Fifth Institutional Act. However, the military regime continued, under his chosen successor General João Figueiredo, to complete the transition to full democracy.

 

The civilians fully returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency but, by the end of his term, he had become extremely unpopular due to the uncontrollable economic crisis and unusually high inflation. Sarney's unsuccessful government allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992. Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance.

 

Cardoso produced a highly successful Plano Real (Royal or Real Plan)that granted stability to the Brazilian economy and he was elected as president in 1994 and again in 1998. The peaceful transition of power to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, who was elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006, proved that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability. Lula was succeeded in 2011 by the current president, Dilma Rousseff.

 

You guys can post now

 

EDIT: It seems you guys dindt respect the big sized phrase that i said in the first post

 

Admins , please remove the posts from the the guys

[ZDANZ96]

Ok it is already double posting. Don't do it man. Funnily enough, the only thing you did was copy it from Wikipedia.

 

Your effort=0. Try again better next time.

[KilnerLUFC]

EDIT: It seems you guys dindt respect the big sized phrase that i said in the first post

 

Admins , please remove the posts from the the guys

Uhm, what makes you think you can tell admins to delete our posts?

 

And how about answering my question now then? What is the point of this topic...of which you have copied and pasted the whole thing from the net, plus double-posting.

[Shayan Shaffey]

*facepalm* you could have just reserved a few posts before people started replying, like this:

 

reserved

 

reserved

[Seddo]

Tell us about the Geography, then maybe move onto Politics and Economy?

 

 

 

[EverLost123]

I was going to make it separated, each era a post , but you guys dindt respect when i say no posting then its all messed up.

 

 

[Girish]

Yeah, okay. But if we want to find out anything about any country, then we can, you know, just Google.

[Moonshield]

So, is this a report for your sixth grade geography class or something?